Quercus ilex is native to the Mediterranean regions, including Italy, Spain, Portugal, southern France, and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). It is a typical component of Mediterranean vegetation and is also cultivated in other areas with similar climates.
Quercus ilex is an evergreen tree that can reach heights of 10-20 meters, with a dense, rounded crown. It has dark gray bark that is slightly rough. The leaves are leathery, elliptical or ovate, glossy dark green on the upper surface and gray-green or silvery on the underside. The leaves have serrated or spiny margins.
Flowering occurs in spring. Quercus ilex is a monoecious plant, meaning it has both male and female flowers on the same tree. The male flowers are small and clustered in hanging catkins, while the female flowers are solitary or in small groups. The fruits are acorns, about 2-3 cm long, encased for one-third by a scaly cupule. The acorns mature in autumn and remain on the tree until the following season.
Quercus ilex grows well in well-drained, sandy, or clay soils, with a pH ranging from neutral to slightly alkaline. It prefers sunny positions and tolerates the hot, dry climates typical of Mediterranean regions. It is very drought-resistant and can thrive in poor, rocky soils. It is not particularly resistant to intense cold but can withstand moderate winter temperatures.
Quercus ilex is a very versatile tree and is often used as an ornamental plant in Mediterranean gardens and parks. Its dense crown and evergreen foliage make it an excellent shade tree and a decorative element in outdoor landscapes. It is also valued for its ecological importance, as it provides shelter and food for various wildlife species, including birds and insects. The acorns of Quercus ilex are sometimes used as animal feed and can be collected for ornamental or craft purposes. Quercus ilex is also employed in reforestation and ecological recovery projects due to its ability to adapt to challenging environmental conditions and contribute to soil stabilization.
